Although Poland has managed to maintain high growth levels since the mid-1990s, with the second-best performance in the OECD in 2006-07, territorial disparities are persistent and rising, especially between large urban areas and rural ones. Like many OECD countries, Poland must seek to achieve an appropriate balance between support for poles of growth and the development of lagging regions, particularly its eastern peripheral regions, which are among the poorest in the European Union. This report explores the various challenges and opportunities for Polish regional development policy, and provides recommendations to best design and implement the policy mix, looking in particular at governance challenges.
Cette publication présente des statistiques complètes sur les apports d'aide dans le secteur de l'agriculture. L'analyse couvre la période 2002-2007, y compris les tendances des apports d'aide par les donneurs, le ciblage géographique et un panorama des interventions des donneurs à court et long terme face aux enjeux de la sécurité alimentaire. Des profils individuels par donneur présentent les statistiques principales sous formes de tableaux et graphiques.
La publication rassemble également les activités d'aide dans le secteur de l'agriculture notifiées en 2007 par les membres du CAD et par les institutions multilatérales dans la base de données SNPC sur les activités d'aide (Système de notification des pays créanciers). Les informations sont fondées sur les engagements et versements individuels d'Aide publique au développement (APD) dans le secteur de l'agriculture.
Les informations présentées sont uniques, comparables et conformes aux définitions et à la méthodologie des statistiques du CAD. Elles visent les besoins des agences et institutions de coopération au développement en soutien de la programmation et de l'analyse par pays et par secteur.
Cet ouvrage analyse la transition des jeunes adultes handicapés vers l´enseignement tertiaire et vers l´emploi. Il analyse les politiques développées par plusieurs pays de l´OCDE et identifie les tendances récentes en termes d´accès à l´éducation et à l´emploi ainsi que les meilleures politiques et pratiques en matière de transition. Quels facteurs facilitent ou entravent la transition vers l´enseignement tertiaire et l´emploi ? Quelles sont les forces et les faiblesses des politiques et des soutiens existants à l´égard des jeunes adultes handicapés ? Quelles stratégies sont développées par les lycées et les établissements d´enseignement tertiaire pour faciliter cette transition et quelles sont leurs forces et leurs faiblesses ?
Il montre que l´accès à l´enseignement tertiaire des jeunes adultes handicapés a progressé de manière significative depuis dix ans. Toutefois, en dépit des progrès effectués, la transition vers l´enseignement tertiaire persiste à être plus difficile pour les jeunes adultes handicapés que pour l´ensemble des jeunes adultes. Les étudiants handicapés ont aussi moins de chances de réussir dans l´enseignement tertiaire ou d´accéder à l´emploi que leurs pairs non handicapés.
Le livre propose également des recommandations à l´attention des gouvernements et des institutions éducatives. Ces recommandations entendent mettre les jeunes adultes handicapés à égalité de chances en termes de réussite et de transition et d´optimiser ainsi la concrétisation de leur droit à l´éducation et à l´inclusion.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 90 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. "Fishing expeditions" are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction´s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined - Phase 1 plus Phase 2 - reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, and for copies of the published review reports, please visit www.oecd.org/tax/transparency
CO2 emissions from energy production and consumption are a major contributor to climate change. Thus, stabilising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere by reducing these emissions is an increasingly urgent international necessity. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) represents one of the most promising potential solutions to contain emissions resulting from continued use of coal and other fossil fuels. This publication provides policymakers with a detailed summary of the main legal issues surrounding the CCS debate, including up-to-date background information, case studies and conclusions on the best legal and regulatory approaches to advance CCS. These strategies can be used to enable further development, deployment and demonstration of CCS technology, potentially an essential element in global efforts to mitigate climate change.
This volume contains data for 2005 and 2006 on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. The book includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data. In the 2008 edition of Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent.
Cette publication rassemble les statistiques sur les échanges internationaux présentés par pays partenaires pour 28 pays de l'OCDE, l'Union européenne (UE25 et UE27), la Zone euro, et Hong Kong (RAS Chine), ainsi que des définitions et des notes méthodologiques. Les données se réfèrent aux échanges entre résidents et non résidents et sont présentées selon les recommandations du Manuel des statistiques du commerce international des services.
Ce volume inclut des tableaux récapitulatifs par pays partenaires et par principales catégories de services. Les séries sont exprimées en dollars des États-Unis et couvrent la période 2004-2007
Quel est l'état de santé de la population ? Comment évaluer la contribution des dépenses de santé ? Comment mesurer l'efficacité des systèmes de santé ? Comment les politiques et institutions de la santé affectent-elles la performance des dépenses de santé ? Ce livre offre des réponses à ces questions. Les chapitres décrivent successivement : l'évolution récente des résultats et des dépenses ; l'évaluation de résultats ; les nouveaux indicateurs de politiques de la santé ; les caractéristiques et les résultats des systèmes de santé.
Qu´est-ce que l´OCDE a à dire sur la situation actuelle de l´éducation ? Quels sont les principaux messages de l´OCDE concernant l´éducation et l´accueil des jeunes enfants, les politiques relatives aux enseignants et l´enseignement supérieur ? Qu´en est-il des performances des élèves, des dépenses d´éducation et de l´équité dans l´éducation ? Les travaux de l´OCDE sur ces thèmes importants de l´éducation et d´autres ont été compilés sous la forme d´une ressource unique et accessible.
Comptant huit chapitres, ce rapport analyse l´éducation et l´accueil de la petite enfance, l´enseignement scolaire, la transition au-delà de la formation initiale, l´enseignement supérieur, la formation des adultes, les résultats et le rendement, l´équité et enfin, l´innovation. Les chapitres s´organisent sur la base des principales constatations et des orientations pour l´action publique établies grâce aux études récentes menées par l´OCDE sur l´éducation. Chaque information est résumée sous la forme d´un message principal concis et accessible, suivi d´une brève explication et de la référence à la source de l´OCDE.
Ce rapport constituera une ressource précieuse pour toutes les personnes intéressées par une vue d´ensemble de l´éducation dans une perspective internationale, ainsi que pour tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur les travaux de l´OCDE dans ce domaine fondamental.
The International Energy Agency's periodic review of New Zealand's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that New Zealand's strong commitment to liberalised energy markets has delivered a relatively high level of energy security and economic prosperity for consumers. Since the previous IEA review in 2006, the government has built on the success of existing policy mechanisms and implemented a number of far-reaching changes in the electricity sector and environmental policy. But progress in some sectors, such as energy efficiency, has not been as strong as anticipated.
In mid-2010, the government commenced a review of the New Zealand Energy Strategy. The result is the publication of a new energy strategy, which establishes clear long-term policy priorities and energy-savings goals. Implementing these strategies will bring many new challenges, including attainment of the government's medium-term energy-savings targets.
New Zealand enjoys the advantage of a diverse and balanced portfolio of renewable-energy resources, which contribute over 70% of electricity output - the third highest portion in IEA member countries. This resource base has the potential to deliver greater volumes of energy and the government aspires to increase this proportion to 90% of electricity generation by 2025. Meeting this target will bring many benefits but also tough challenges, such as maintaining a robust National Grid.
This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing New Zealand and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide New Zealand towards a more sustainable energy future.
La fourniture de services d´approvisionnement en eau, d´assainissement et de traitement des eaux usées a des répercussions très favorables sur la santé publique, l´économie et l´environnement . Dans les pays en développement, le rapport avantages/coûts peut aller jusqu´à 7 pour 1 pour les services d´eau et d´assainissement de base. Les actions en matière de traitement des eaux usées, par exemple, peuvent s´accompagner d´effets très positifs en termes de santé publique et d´environnement, ainsi que pour certains secteurs économiques comme la pêche, le tourisme et le marché de l´immobilier.
Les retombées favorables des services d´eau sont rarement considérées dans leur pleine mesure pour différentes raisons, notamment la difficulté de quantifier d´importants avantages non économiques tels que les valeurs de non-usage, la dignité, le statut social, la propreté et le bien-être général. Par ailleurs, les informations concernant les avantages liés aux services d´eau sont souvent enfouies dans des documents techniques et échappent aux principaux décideurs des ministères.
Ce rapport réunit et résume les informations existantes sur les avantages de l´eau et de l´assainissement.
Le prix de l'eau et des services d'eau potable et d'assainissement
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 100 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention. The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. "Fishing expeditions" are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction´s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined - Phase 1 plus Phase 2 - reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports.
For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, and for copies of the published review reports, please visit www.oecd.org/tax/transparency and www.eoi-tax.org.
Over the past decade, many OECD countries have introduced new policies to tackle excessive waiting times for elective surgery with some success. However, in the wake of the recent economic downturn and severe pressures on public budgets, waiting times times may rise again, and it is important to understand which policies work. In addition, the European Union has introduced new regulations to allow patients to seek care in other member states, if there are long delays in treatment. This book provides a framework to understand why there are waiting lists for elective surgery in some OECD countries and not in others. It also describes how waiting times are measured in OECD countries, which differ widely, and makes recommendations for best practice. Finally, it reviews different policy approaches to tackling excessive waiting times. Some countries have introduced guarantees to patients that they will not wait too long for treatment. These policies work only if they are accompanied by sanctions on health providers to ensure the guarantee is met or if they allow greater choice of health-care providers including the private sector.
This is an updated edition which includes new supplements on Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten and on Gold.
Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development.
The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict- Affected and High-Risk Areas provides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.
This volume contains data for 2005 and 2006 on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances, expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent, for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise production, trade and final consumption data as well as key energy and economic indicators. This book includes definitions of products and flows, explanatory notes on the individual country data and conversion factors from original units to energy units.
Sweden has made progress in recent years towards a more secure, sustainable energy future. The Scandinavian nation already has an almost carbon-free electricity supply and has phased out oil use in residential and power sectors. It is increasingly integrated within the Nordic and Baltic electricity markets, and its joint renewable electricity certificate market with Norway offers a unique model for other countries.
Now Sweden must take concrete steps to realise its vision of a fossil-fuel-independent vehicle fleet by 2030 and no net greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050. Although Sweden has decided to allow the replacement of its existing nuclear reactors, further emission reductions will come at a higher cost and require technology change. This means Sweden will need to carefully evaluate the most cost-effective pathways for its transition to a low-carbon economy.
Sweden has a high energy-intensity level, which requires greater energy efficiency in industry, buildings, heat and transport. A decarbonisation vision should be mapped out for each industry sector. Starting with transport, Sweden must specify how it will wean its vehicle fleet from fossil fuels by 2030.
Sweden's industry lead in smart grids is an asset. Sweden should scale up investment in clean energy technologies.
